The bit about compartmentalising in capitalism and socialist failures as inherent to Marxism sounds to me like some sort of digressive waffle. It's not that capitalism is inherently ace and socialism inherently shit or vice versa, it's just the reality out there was that the Eastern Bloc and China fucking sucked. And irrespective of whether this is some sort of inherent problem of socialism or not, they were unquestionably horrible places at a deep institutional level, and the idea that socialism might be doable in some other less patently abusive fashion in no way excuses the barbarity and harm those places inflicted on their own people (and others).
Do you want to tell me that the working classes weren't exploited in the USSR and China? Do you really think the wealth of the nation was truly flowing to the workers, or do you think it was being wasted in inefficiency or sucked up and squandered by an elite for other purposes - just in this case, a governmental elite rather a capitalist one? DO you think the workers really had any significant say in their lives, and government policy?
It is surely a form of exploitation to view one's people as a series of replaceable cogs in a giant machine, where the only thing that matters is the machine, and if you grind up millions of your own people, that's all fine. Capitalism does this, but so did the Communist nations. They didn't love and respect any individual in their country as persons, they're all just fodder for the Great Plan. That's a lot of why they were convulsed by events where millions died - because it was small loss in the name of whatever ambitions socialist dictators had. If you think it was not exploitation, you are fooling yourself. Likewise if you think they did not live in fear and coercion - albeit via insidious security services, corruption, shitty justice systems, daring to speak what was ideologically impure and so on rather than economic insecurity - you are fooling yourself.
Like, going back on topic, the Soviet Afghan war is a pretty good microcosm of all the ways that the USSR was bad. You've got:
- Racism against non-Russians (They did not bother to teach their central Asian soldiers Russian. All the technical manuals were in Russian.)
- Imperialism
- War crimes
- Other crimes, especially theft from Afghans motivated by the Soviet troops not having any money
- KGB skulduggery (Which got the Soviets to invade in the first place)
- A culture of systematic violence and sexual violence against conscripts that left them severely depressed and with a preponderance to abuse alcohol, unsafe alcohol substitutes like boot polish, and all the drugs they found in Afghanistan
- Military vehicles so unsafe soldiers refused to use them
- Absolute tactical inflexibility leading to more Soviet troops being killed in ten years than the NATO coalition lost in twenty
- Sending dead soldiers back to their village in zinc coffins with no explanation... assuming the right bodies even made it back to the right villages
- Abandoning communism once it became sufficiently expedient, like they went in there with the intent of propping up Afghan communism and before they left they made the Afghan government become not communist
Meanwhile the US were engaging in their favourite cold war past time of giving money and guns to anticommunists without thinking about the long term consequences of doing that which directly led into their own occupation of Afghanistan which ended up lasting twice as long as the Soviet one.