It's definitely not the easiest game to learn, that's for sure.
I'm really not sure why it took you 15 minutes to reach a planet that was only 24 "dyams" away. That shouldn't have taken more than a few seconds. I believe you, of course, but I don't know enough about the game to explain what may have happened.
The "need recal" message just means your present local target and remote target are in different star systems. Redesignate your remote target by aiming at the star whose system you are in, selecting "set remote target" from the Flight Control Drive menu, and then double-right-clicking on the star. Your local target is like a subset of your remote target, so when they suffer a disconnect, the ship's computer gets confused.
To descend to the surface of a planet, enter into orbit around it and select "deploy surface capsule" from the "flight control drive" menu. Then go to the three small screens on the right side of the bridge; the one on the far right will show an image of the planet's surface. Use the arrow keys to choose a target, and then press Enter.
Use the help signal if you accidentally run out of fuel. The other ship will give you a slight boost. That's the extent of its purpose, though. It's just a way to ensure you don't accidentally become stuck (for too long) while playing.
Hope that helps. Once you get the hang of things, you should be planet-hopping in no time.