Most of the quirks in the English language come from it's varied roots (Anglo-Saxon/Frankish/Latin primarily). In contrast, French is primarily Frankish/Latin, Spanish is Visigoth/Latin and Italian is Lombard/Latin, leading to fewer contradictions in the rules governing the language.
That said, there is no need to have two different indefinite articles (a and an), but one must retain a single indefinite article and the definite article.
To illustrate:
The Ship - refers to a very specific ship
A ship - refers to any number of ships
Ship - unknown if the word is, in and of itself referring to a specific ship or any ship.
To better illustrate:
Ship travels across ocean - is this a statement of purpose of ships? Is it perhaps a reference to a single ship that is traveling across a large, open expanse of salt-water? One can make it more clear if they write something like:
Passenger ship, named "Titanic", travels across North Atlantic.
this says essentially the same thing as:
The "Titanic", a passenger ship, travels across the North Atlantic.
While both messages convey the same message, ommitting articles requires the reader to pay more attention to adjectives and other qualifying remarks to determine how general or specific a reference is.
And on the subject of phonetic spelling - the answer is just simply no. Unless there was a single and accepted phonetic spelling for each and every word, the only result would be an increase in complexity in the language (just look at Arabic/English translations, which are all done phonetically and therefore you end up with a dozen ways to spell "Mohammad" for example). I'm not opposed to "Chevrolet" being spelled "Chevrolay" as a rule, so long as there is an accepted rule. But one must also consider the irreparable damage that would be done to that proud tradition of the spelling bee, if contestants were no longer required to memorize the reams of data regarding the different root and suffix rules from all the possible sources for English words.