Anyone who has spent time with small children knows how much they love to learn. From the very beginning, they imitate everyone around them. Without this instinct enabling every new generation to pick up the knowledge and the skills of the previous ones, our species would have gone extinct long ago.
It takes alot to beat this natural curiosity out of children. You have to take them away from their families, isolate them in sterile environments with only a few overworked adults, and teach them that learning is a *discipline*. You have to send them to school.
It wasn't until the 19th century that mass education came into its own in Europe. The family, the oldest socializing institution, no longer sufficed to prepare children for their roles in a changing society--especially with working families increasingly fragmented by the industrial revolution. Once limits were put on child labor, kids had to spend the day *somewhere*. Governments saw compulsory schooling as a way to produce a docile population: obedient soldiers for the army, compliant laborers for industry, dutiful clerks and civil servants. Social reformers saw it differently--but it was the governments who got to implement it.
Compulsory education spread alongside industrialization, and eventually education became an industry in its own right. The state-managed incarnation of the industry still functions to keep young people off the streets and program them with standardized curricula. The private incarnation has become a profitable sector of the economy: abstracted out of daily life, education is a commodity to be bought and sold like any other.
In a mechanized world, in which self-checkout at the grocery store and electronic check-in at the airport are replacing the jobs that used to keep citizens integrated into society, what can be done with all the surplus workers? One solution is to postpone their entry into the workforce. Today's aspiring employee spends more time than ever before studying to gain an advantage, a longer list of credentials, another selling point on her resume. This helps send the message that that misfortunes of the unemployed and unsuccessful are their own fault--they should have gotten more education.
When power was chiefly hereditary, only the wealthy and powerful sent their children to school. In the current credit-based economy, in which many workers live beyond their means in hopes of bettering themselves, it's much easier to aspire to wealth and power--for a price. If you want a decent job, you have to pay thousands or tens of thousands for the prerequisite degrees. This traps students in decades of debt, forcing them to sell themselves wherever the market will take them--a sophisticated form of indentured servitude. The more overeducated the workforce, the pickier employers become; and in a volatile economy, workers have to return to school again and again.
Today degrees are openly discussed as investments in capital. A degree is worth a certain amount of potential future income, and some degrees are more valuable than others. Now there's talk of decreasing student loans to students seeking degrees in less profitable fields such as the humanities. This follows the logic of the market, since the ones who receive those degrees are less likely to be able to repay loans--even if those fields of study can improve human life in ways that defy financial calibration. Meanwhile, austerity measures are cutting away the last vestiges of the university as an oasis of learning for its own sake.
Of course, millions of young people have no hope of going to college. Early in life, children are put on one of two education tracks according to social class; these can take the form of private and public schools, suburban and inner city schools, or classes for "advanced" students alongside classes *for everyone else*. For the majority foreordained to fail, the school system is a gigantic holding tank; the ones who rebel are shuttled directly from detention to prison. Many schools now resemble prisons, with police officers, metal detectors, and other mechanisms to normalize authoritarian control from an early age.
Despite the glut of college graduates on the market, some liberals still maintain that the solution to poverty and other problems is more education. But the further up the pyramid you go the fewer positions there are; no amount of public education can change this. At best, graduates from disadvantaged backgrounds might replace those in privileged positions, but for every person who climbs the social ladder someone else has to descend it. Usually, more education just means more debt.
Another liberal precept is the notion of academia as *the marketplace of ideas*. The marketplace metaphor is apt enough: like human beings, ideas have to compete on the uneven terrain of capitalism. Some are backed by chancellors and media moguls, dollars by the million or billion, entire military-industrial complexes; others are literally born in prison. Despite this, the ones that rise to the top are bound to be the best--just as the most successful businessmen must be superior to everyone else. According to this school of thought, capitalism persists because everyone from billionaire to bellboy agrees it is the best *idea*.
But students don't develop their ideas in a vacuum; their conclusions are bound to be influenced by their class interests. The further you advance in the education system, the wealthier the student body is likely to be, especially with tuition rising while government grants decline. Consequently, reactionary ideas tend to accumulate academic prestige. If some conservatives still regard universities as hotbeds of radicalism, this is simply because the class interests of professors are not as reactionary as those of executives.
This isn't to say that wealthy children are born looking out for number one. It takes at least as much social engineering to produce entitled managers as it does to produce subservient employees. Most of this occurs subtly. For example, the curriculum for honors students includes nothing about how to grow or prepare food, make or mend clothing, or repair engines; the implication is that if these students do well, there will always be poor people to do these things for them. Thus the education that prepares them to hold power simultaneously incapacitates them when it comes to meeting their basic needs outside the economy, making any alternative appear genuinely life-threatening.
Though teachers are on the front lines imposing discipline on the poor and legitimizing the privileges of the rich, they're not really to blame. Lots of teachers are terrific people. Some can be great mentors or friends outside the constraints of school. Many have given up the chance to make more money because they believe teaching is important even though it pays poorly. But by and large the roles they are forced to play in the classroom prevent them from making the most of their gifts and their desire to do right by the next generation. Here, as elsewhere, the system is powered by those who think they can reform it.