Poll: religon: a 7 point scale

[yosophat]

All you got to ask yourself is would an atheist fly an airplane into a building?

Encase you're wondering what the answer is, 9/11.

I thought the answer was a retard. Sounds like something a ZERO would do or someone with no will of their own who believes what other people say for no reasonable reason.

 

[Cliff_m85]

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

DAmn I pressed post instead of preview. Wait a sec...

God created Evolution. Very clever, trying to mix religion and science. Why not they are both invented by humans.

"according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't."
Ehhh.... It could happen means that it's not going to happen for sure. And changes in life forms according to evolution take thousands of thousands of years. AIDS? Ain't that quite a "new" thing.

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

 

[Lusty]

I chose 3.

I believe in God, I do. I do have my moments of doubt, but overall I believe he's there. Usually when people say that they 'know' God exists, those people have had something happen that they interpreted as God speaking to them. I have not yet had one of those experiences, but I await it.

I can understand perfectly why 6's and 7's believe the way they do. But the thing I ask to them is this: Why should you care what I do with my spirit? Let me believe what I please, and you can do the same.

And there's the happy medium. I really don't care what grown adults get up to in their spare time. Just don't ask me to respect it.

I think that most atheists share the same view. What's causing this weird wave of militant atheism is any attempt to factor religious thinking into law, education, or really anything that affects those of us that don't believe.

 

[Cliff_m85]

I am curious, how exactly would you prove that God exists, or does not exist?

From what I have seen, people who believe in God usually do so as a matter of faith. Although they can site examples of creative design, miracles, and other suppossedly "God" inspired things, it always boils down to faith. As well it should, since it is a matter of spirituallity rather than science. In Christianity, faith in Jesus/God is the point. So it becomes more of an issue of whether you believe the idea, rather than ability to prove the existence.

For people who claim athieism, the question is equally if not more confusing. Since God is a considered a spiritual being by most people, there is no scientific evidence that can be applied. If there is no scientific evidence, then you must rely on YOUR ability to accept a God or not. Which quickly spirals into ridiculousness. How does not liking the way the world works and thinking life is unfair or unjust, prove that there is no God? Just because things don't happen the way you think they should, doesn't mean there is no God.

Maybe it would be a better world for everyone if the religious relied on faith to influence the non-religious, rather than invading privacy, attacking, and insisting everyone except them was going to hell. Maybe it would be a better world if the atheist's and others like them stopped antagonizing, insulting, and attacking the beliefs of the religious.

Greatest idea ever! I think I'll start praying now.

I'm not a Christian, but I'm 100% certain that God exists.

When a rabbit runs through the snow, does it not leave footprints?

That's deep...
Sometimes I think about the uncountable amount of life on the planet; it all shares the same atoms and molecules; all those atoms were created in the center of our solar system; and any one of those atoms is billions of years old; and I think there has to be some purpose there has to be a God. This is me at my most certain.

Have you ever studied biology? Are you aware of how mind-buggeringly complex even some of the most simple creatures are? It's just impossible that this happened by coincidence.

Obviously you haven't studied Evolution, because it's nothing at all like 'coincidence'. It's natural reproduction with survival of the fittest kicking in with genes.

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

Abiogenesis can say that the first life could have happened unnaturaly. You know, proteins mixing with this and that and whatever. But still, this didn't answer some question about the nucleoid or whatever it was. And in truth, I think that there's too much stuff that conveniently happens, personally, and at the very least there should be a conductor.

People who think that this all conveniently happen tend to not realize that more than 95% of organisms went extinct, that a majority of the planets are lifeless, and that a majority of the Earth is inhabitable to humans without some sort of technological help to sustain life.

 

[CosmicCommander]

I am curious, how exactly would you prove that God exists, or does not exist?

From what I have seen, people who believe in God usually do so as a matter of faith. Although they can site examples of creative design, miracles, and other suppossedly "God" inspired things, it always boils down to faith. As well it should, since it is a matter of spirituallity rather than science. In Christianity, faith in Jesus/God is the point. So it becomes more of an issue of whether you believe the idea, rather than ability to prove the existence.

For people who claim athieism, the question is equally if not more confusing. Since God is a considered a spiritual being by most people, there is no scientific evidence that can be applied. If there is no scientific evidence, then you must rely on YOUR ability to accept a God or not. Which quickly spirals into ridiculousness. How does not liking the way the world works and thinking life is unfair or unjust, prove that there is no God? Just because things don't happen the way you think they should, doesn't mean there is no God.

Maybe it would be a better world for everyone if the religious relied on faith to influence the non-religious, rather than invading privacy, attacking, and insisting everyone except them was going to hell. Maybe it would be a better world if the atheist's and others like them stopped antagonizing, insulting, and attacking the beliefs of the religious.

Greatest idea ever! I think I'll start praying now.

I'm not a Christian, but I'm 100% certain that God exists.

When a rabbit runs through the snow, does it not leave footprints?

That's deep...
Sometimes I think about the uncountable amount of life on the planet; it all shares the same atoms and molecules; all those atoms were created in the center of our solar system; and any one of those atoms is billions of years old; and I think there has to be some purpose there has to be a God. This is me at my most certain.

Have you ever studied biology? Are you aware of how mind-buggeringly complex even some of the most simple creatures are? It's just impossible that this happened by coincidence.

Obviously you haven't studied Evolution, because it's nothing at all like 'coincidence'. It's natural reproduction with survival of the fittest kicking in with genes.

Yes, because such complicated systems can just happen all by themselves.

It's callled Immersion, idiot.

Immersion, In Science and Philosophy, is the tendancy for Order to rise Out of Disorder, Complex Life to emerge out of an ooze of Bacteria and Protien, ect...

Even in Human society, Immersion is present, as in the Russian Revolution, the French Revolution, and, probably the best example, the pioneering of Atomic energy through the chaos of WW2.

 

[OsirisArisen]

Anyone who is a 1 or a 7 are not really that intelligent in my opinion, since there is always a chance for me to be wrong I can't see how someone can be certain of something that can't be proven. I'm a 6.9

I agree that if one applies a purely empirical process to the question, absolute certainty is nonsense. However, if one ascribes to any religion, it becomes a matter of faith, rather than science. So while a 7 or a 1 may seem unintelligent, you need to allow for the effects of faith, on either end of the spectrum.

As for myself, I would place myself as a 1. C. S. Lewis is my apologist of choice, and I ascribe to his (logical) presentation on the existence of God.

 

[Supraliminal]

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

DAmn I pressed post instead of preview. Wait a sec...

God created Evolution. Very clever, trying to mix religion and science. Why not they are both invented by humans.

"according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't."
Ehhh.... It could happen means that it's not going to happen for sure. And changes in life forms according to evolution take thousands of thousands of years. AIDS? Ain't that quite a "new" thing.

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

Slightly, yes. But when do we get wings? Maybe never, maybe in the next 23,4 million years. Who knows? But what is for sure it's going to take a whole lotta time.

Yeah, I Should have said "And BIG changes in life forms according to evolution...[small]bla bla bla[/small]"

My bad.

 

[Cliff_m85]

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

DAmn I pressed post instead of preview. Wait a sec...

God created Evolution. Very clever, trying to mix religion and science. Why not they are both invented by humans.

"according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't."
Ehhh.... It could happen means that it's not going to happen for sure. And changes in life forms according to evolution take thousands of thousands of years. AIDS? Ain't that quite a "new" thing.

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

Slightly, yes. But when do we get wings? Maybe never, maybe in the next 23,4 million years. Who knows? But what is for sure it's going to take a whole lotta time.

Yeah, I Should have said "And BIG changes in life forms according to evolution...[small]bla bla bla[/small]"

My bad.

Given the environment, human nature, human biology.....we will never have wings because they aren't necessary. Add that the beginnings of wing-formation would be unpleasant sexually from a visual standpoint, thus cutting the chances further.

 

[UsefulPlayer 1]

I'm not religious, but I am one hundred percent certain there is a God.
I just have my own idea about what God is.
An idea that I refuse to push on anyone else unless they ask.
And even then it's hard to put into words.

This a million times.

Some religions are too bullshit and science is too...convenient? This world even.

The world is unfair, there are starving people in Africa, corrupt politicians, there are high schools, flowers, World Wars, hormones, snowflakes, drugs, internet, beautiful girls, books, movies, video games, gravity holding everything together...

Just seems like it was meant to be this way.

A complete asshole thing to say. Really dude, do you mean this? How can you morally say that?

Here, I'll try it again. What I mean to say is that the world isn't perfect. It's a cruel and harsh place. And I don't think it could have been any other way. A world were there's only winners and everyone lives in harmony?

Some people use the horrors of this would to disprove God existence, but I don't that means anything. We've come about somehow and so far we've struggled in the darkness, but that'll be our own doing.

 

[bladeofdarkness]

the flaw with the "there is no evidence AGAINST the existence of god" argument is that if you try and apply it to any other fictional creature you'd get laughed out of the room.

just try it
"there is not proof that dragons dont exist, in fact most human civilizations at one point or another believed in the existance of dragons"
"you cant disprove the tooth fairy"
"santa is real until proven otherwise"

try it at home, its fun

 

[theultimateend]

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

DAmn I pressed post instead of preview. Wait a sec...

God created Evolution. Very clever, trying to mix religion and science. Why not they are both invented by humans.

"according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't."
Ehhh.... It could happen means that it's not going to happen for sure. And changes in life forms according to evolution take thousands of thousands of years. AIDS? Ain't that quite a "new" thing.

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

Slightly, yes. But when do we get wings? Maybe never, maybe in the next 23,4 million years. Who knows? But what is for sure it's going to take a whole lotta time.

Yeah, I Should have said "And BIG changes in life forms according to evolution...[small]bla bla bla[/small]"

My bad.

Why on earth would you get wings?

You'd need weaker bones, your entire organic make up would need to get lighter and you'd have to change just about everything that is human about you.

Just what immediate benefit does wings give you over some weird fantasy image. You have the food you need without moving, you have shelter, and you have no predators.

There is no benefit to wings that would leave the creepy humans that are mid mutation still breeding with other folks.

 

[ChocoFace]

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

I beg to differ. i know some people who have seriously de-evolved, if you catch my drift.

Anyways, im a 3.

 

[theultimateend]

I voted 2.00 but I'm really 1.00, I Firmly believe there is a God. Maybe not the one I believe in, but there is defiantly a God.

I've always wondered the "why" to this.

In the end it doesn't matter, people who don't like reality will continue to fluff it and there is nothing nice anyone else can do to change that.

To me I just don't see the evidence. What is there that would give the idea to anyone that there is some sort of almighty being. I'm a huge fan of the universe and I get a boner everytime I read an astrophysics book, I am a huge fan of life and I get a cognitive boner anytime a new discovery is made. I just don't see the evidence for a supreme being nor does it appear that faking it does any justice to an otherwise astoundingly interesting existence.

I'd rather not shit on this cake just because I really feel the need to take a dump.

You believe what you believe and that's fine. No one can provide you with the "evidence" you need to know there is a God, you can only find that yourself.

Again you are trying to legitimize a view that undermines every other thing you know.

If we can just belief in things for funsies then all knowledge is entirely moot because it serves no purpose.

Essentially once you start believing in things because you can you are closing your mind to any other knowledge. Once you start being skeptical you are making yourself a hypocrite. If you accept the scientific theory for anything else it is unreasonable to make an exception for something just because it makes you feel good.

But then reason isn't exactly part of the gameplan. What benefit do you get out of faith that you wouldn't get out of optimism? I know the answer but I hate rhetorical questions so I'll let you give me an answer.

 

[Akai Shizuku]

I am curious, how exactly would you prove that God exists, or does not exist?

From what I have seen, people who believe in God usually do so as a matter of faith. Although they can site examples of creative design, miracles, and other suppossedly "God" inspired things, it always boils down to faith. As well it should, since it is a matter of spirituallity rather than science. In Christianity, faith in Jesus/God is the point. So it becomes more of an issue of whether you believe the idea, rather than ability to prove the existence.

For people who claim athieism, the question is equally if not more confusing. Since God is a considered a spiritual being by most people, there is no scientific evidence that can be applied. If there is no scientific evidence, then you must rely on YOUR ability to accept a God or not. Which quickly spirals into ridiculousness. How does not liking the way the world works and thinking life is unfair or unjust, prove that there is no God? Just because things don't happen the way you think they should, doesn't mean there is no God.

Maybe it would be a better world for everyone if the religious relied on faith to influence the non-religious, rather than invading privacy, attacking, and insisting everyone except them was going to hell. Maybe it would be a better world if the atheist's and others like them stopped antagonizing, insulting, and attacking the beliefs of the religious.

Greatest idea ever! I think I'll start praying now.

I'm not a Christian, but I'm 100% certain that God exists.

When a rabbit runs through the snow, does it not leave footprints?

That's deep...
Sometimes I think about the uncountable amount of life on the planet; it all shares the same atoms and molecules; all those atoms were created in the center of our solar system; and any one of those atoms is billions of years old; and I think there has to be some purpose there has to be a God. This is me at my most certain.

Have you ever studied biology? Are you aware of how mind-buggeringly complex even some of the most simple creatures are? It's just impossible that this happened by coincidence.

Obviously you haven't studied Evolution, because it's nothing at all like 'coincidence'. It's natural reproduction with survival of the fittest kicking in with genes.

Yes, because such complicated systems can just happen all by themselves.

It's callled Immersion, idiot.

Immersion, In Science and Philosophy, is the tendancy for Order to rise Out of Disorder, Complex Life to emerge out of an ooze of Bacteria and Protien, ect...

Even in Human society, Immersion is present, as in the Russian Revolution, the French Revolution, and, probably the best example, the pioneering of Atomic energy through the chaos of WW2.

Hey, relax, I never insulted you. I just felt sarcasm was the most effective way to get my point across.

Isn't Immersion just a theory? And whether it's true or not, where does it come from?

 

[Supraliminal]

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

DAmn I pressed post instead of preview. Wait a sec...

God created Evolution. Very clever, trying to mix religion and science. Why not they are both invented by humans.

"according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't."
Ehhh.... It could happen means that it's not going to happen for sure. And changes in life forms according to evolution take thousands of thousands of years. AIDS? Ain't that quite a "new" thing.

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

Slightly, yes. But when do we get wings? Maybe never, maybe in the next 23,4 million years. Who knows? But what is for sure it's going to take a whole lotta time.

Yeah, I Should have said "And BIG changes in life forms according to evolution...[small]bla bla bla[/small]"

My bad.

Given the environment, human nature, human biology.....we will never have wings because they aren't necessary. Add that the beginnings of wing-formation would be unpleasant sexually from a visual standpoint, thus cutting the chances further.

That was an example, but whatever. I'm not really pointing out that people will get wings ,because of evolution, in the future. That will propably be done with GM ( no it's not General Motors) before that.

Wasn't this thread about Deities or something. We took a side road, apparently.

 

[Cliff_m85]

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

I beg to differ. i know some people who have seriously de-evolved, if you catch my drift.

Anyways, im a 3.

There's no such thing as de-evolution. Nothing de-evolves.

 

[Kriptonite]

I'm like a 5.7 but said 6. Who am I to say weather there is or isn't a god(depending on what 'god' means to you)? I personally don't think there is one, but like I said, I have only a 50% chance of being right.

 

[theultimateend]

Historically even the worlds greatest minds cease discovering once they attribute god to any problem. Because they stop trying to solve it.

Isaac Newton created his own kind of math and is still considered the most brilliant man to have ever lived. Yet he didn't even solve problems that would have been cheesecake to him once he started attributing god to things. People years later would use math less complicated than his own calculus to solve issues that he ignored because he thought only god could answer them.

If folks want I can find the video that full explains these events. It features one of my favorite people in the world: Neil DeGrasse Tyson . He makes even the dry side of science fun! ;D

 

[Supraliminal]

Cliff_m85 my answer is God created evolution; no mortal can recreate evolution especially not knowing what every gene does. Then what gene groups do and God knows why some genes are dormant, how many genes make up a group are there dormant groups? How one mutation only happen once in a while in a rather large amount of time specially in larger animals that have offspring in seasons. Consider AIDS, my favorite virus, there a a couple of million of people infected with it there is probably a million if not more viruses reproducing fast if not exponentially. So out of all of those walking petri dishes wouldn't one of them have an evolved version of airborne AIDS, well I know the answer is no because thats not how HIV works but according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't. YES Akai Shizuku biology is "mind-buggeringly" complex that's why I'm studying Chemistry instead lol.

DAmn I pressed post instead of preview. Wait a sec...

God created Evolution. Very clever, trying to mix religion and science. Why not they are both invented by humans.

"according to evolution it could happen but it hasn't."
Ehhh.... It could happen means that it's not going to happen for sure. And changes in life forms according to evolution take thousands of thousands of years. AIDS? Ain't that quite a "new" thing.

Actually evolution happens every time an organism mates and creates offspring. Everyone is slightly evolved from their parents.

Slightly, yes. But when do we get wings? Maybe never, maybe in the next 23,4 million years. Who knows? But what is for sure it's going to take a whole lotta time.

Yeah, I Should have said "And BIG changes in life forms according to evolution...[small]bla bla bla[/small]"

My bad.

Why on earth would you get wings?

You'd need weaker bones, your entire organic make up would need to get lighter and you'd have to change just about everything that is human about you.

Just what immediate benefit does wings give you over some weird fantasy image. You have the food you need without moving, you have shelter, and you have no predators.

There is no benefit to wings that would leave the creepy humans that are mid mutation still breeding with other folks.

It was an example.. Of a big change in Evolution.

Yes I shouls have said that.

My bad. Again. I'm ashamed

 

[Cliff_m85]

I am curious, how exactly would you prove that God exists, or does not exist?

From what I have seen, people who believe in God usually do so as a matter of faith. Although they can site examples of creative design, miracles, and other suppossedly "God" inspired things, it always boils down to faith. As well it should, since it is a matter of spirituallity rather than science. In Christianity, faith in Jesus/God is the point. So it becomes more of an issue of whether you believe the idea, rather than ability to prove the existence.

For people who claim athieism, the question is equally if not more confusing. Since God is a considered a spiritual being by most people, there is no scientific evidence that can be applied. If there is no scientific evidence, then you must rely on YOUR ability to accept a God or not. Which quickly spirals into ridiculousness. How does not liking the way the world works and thinking life is unfair or unjust, prove that there is no God? Just because things don't happen the way you think they should, doesn't mean there is no God.

Maybe it would be a better world for everyone if the religious relied on faith to influence the non-religious, rather than invading privacy, attacking, and insisting everyone except them was going to hell. Maybe it would be a better world if the atheist's and others like them stopped antagonizing, insulting, and attacking the beliefs of the religious.

Greatest idea ever! I think I'll start praying now.

I'm not a Christian, but I'm 100% certain that God exists.

When a rabbit runs through the snow, does it not leave footprints?

That's deep...
Sometimes I think about the uncountable amount of life on the planet; it all shares the same atoms and molecules; all those atoms were created in the center of our solar system; and any one of those atoms is billions of years old; and I think there has to be some purpose there has to be a God. This is me at my most certain.

Have you ever studied biology? Are you aware of how mind-buggeringly complex even some of the most simple creatures are? It's just impossible that this happened by coincidence.

Obviously you haven't studied Evolution, because it's nothing at all like 'coincidence'. It's natural reproduction with survival of the fittest kicking in with genes.

Yes, because such complicated systems can just happen all by themselves.

It's callled Immersion, idiot.

Immersion, In Science and Philosophy, is the tendancy for Order to rise Out of Disorder, Complex Life to emerge out of an ooze of Bacteria and Protien, ect...

Even in Human society, Immersion is present, as in the Russian Revolution, the French Revolution, and, probably the best example, the pioneering of Atomic energy through the chaos of WW2.

Hey, relax, I never insulted you. I just felt sarcasm was the most effective way to get my point across.

Isn't Immersion just a theory? And whether it's true or not, where does it come from?

Scientific Theory: a coherent group of general propositions used as principles of explanation for a class of phenomena: Einstein's theory of relativity.

Scientific theories are a collection of scientific FACTS.