Jux said:
You may think it's needlessly inflamatory, I think its calling a spade a spade. Would you prefer we shifted the conversation first to what defines rape culture and what indicators are before proceeding? It looks like you have an objection to the term despite not having a clear understanding of the term itself. I'd be more than willing to start a separate thread in R&P about it.
Sure, let's talk about what defines rape culture, because I think you don't have a clear understanding of enabling cultures, and by extension the concept of rape culture. This might be because I have not heard a single definition of rape culture that everyone agrees on, yet I'm supposed to take in as fact that we are definitely living in one.
Let me illustrate my point by bringing up an example: sexual molestation on trains in Japan. I don't know how much you know about this issue, but over the years it has gotten severe, trains during rush hour times are incredibly crowded and people are literally smooshed like sardines against each other, making wandering hands much more easy to get lost in the crowd. Some men took this as an opportunity to sexually grope and molest women. Such things are not unheard of on trains in other countries, either, but it was becoming a very serious problem in Japan.
Their culture typically encourages both men and women to not draw attention to themselves, to not cause a fuss or problems for others. Women often times simply let themselves get groped, because they feel it's too much trouble for them, it would be hard to be sure who is doing the groping, and would not want to trouble others in trying to identify and then contact someone for the train officials to talk to. Additionally, there would be police reports and such, they would be late for work/school, and would generally be seen as troublesome as those around them.
This confluence of social stigmas form a perfect storm of sorts which enables more of the groping acts that go unreported and unpunished. Additionally, the society at large is one that doesn't like talking about troublesome and icky things in public, so not only was the problem denied or dismissed, it was completely ignored, building walls around the elephant in the room and pretending like it was just a housing feature.
It was only when the problem reached a critical mass that the government finally took steps to address it, finally addressed the problem. The alarm was sounded, so to speak, and people's attitudes started changing, women were encouraged that speaking out was the best thing they could do, and men started assisting those that did. Some went to even more drastic measures, but segregating cars for men and women, which while not ideal, was the best thing they could do to prevent the issue.
The point here is that there are two states: one that enables and one that does not enable. The enabling state is one where the presented problem is only a position to get worse or stay the same. The non-enabling state is one where governments, media, and other aspects of society call attention to an issue and encourage others to take steps to improve the situation. It might still be a very serious problem- but it is in a position to get better.
Wikipedia states that "Examples of behaviors commonly associated with rape culture include victim blaming, sexual objectification, trivializing rape, denial of widespread rape, or refusing to acknowledge the harm of certain forms of sexual violence that do not conform to certain stereotypes of stranger or violent rape."
Which is similar to something you said before. There is no problem with this definition in its face, however, all of those various aspects come in a different doses and prevalence. If just one person denies widespread rape when it is present, do we live in a rape culture? That would be absurd. Also, what exactly defines widespread rape? This is why there is disagreement on the issue: because there is little agreement on the standards and thresholds in which these criteria are met.
Statistics on rape are difficult to gather, which is another problematic issue surrounding the debate. The most auhtoritative numbers we have come from the FBI's numbers, which has its flaws but shows us how many rapes have been convicted. The number of victims, when including forcible rape (defined as all rape outside statutory and incestual), is 84,376 in 2012.
http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2012/crime-in-the-u.s.-2012/tables/1tabledatadecoverviewpdf/table_1_crime_in_the_united_states_by_volume_and_rate_per_100000_inhabitants_1993-2012.xls
But as we both know, that's not the real number due to the number of unreported rapes, which are incredibly hard to measure because you know, they're unreported. Various surveys and polls have tried to get a more accurate number, but really no matter what report one might use in that situation, it is subject to many different obscuring aspects. For example, RAINN is an organization that does a lot of good work, and they also have a statistics page which claims that 1 in 6 women have had an attempted rape against them, however the information comes from a survey done in 1998.
https://rainn.org/get-information/statistics/sexual-assault-victims
There are other sources of course, but you start getting into special interest groups and other parties which have every reason to skew the numbers however they like them, and they are predictably all over the map. RAINN reports from a DoJ number (that is not provided) that the single-year number is 346,830, or .2% of the of the female population. We also can surmise from these sources that the overall number of rapes is going down, per year, on average.
So, that's the question, is .2% of the female population getting raped in 2012 sign of a broader rape culture? You can't answer that question statistically, it is ultimately a subjective thing. I could try to do comparative analysis to a country with a very low rape rate, but if finding reliable stats for the US is hard, you can imagine how difficult it could be for others.
The US is, however, keeping pace with most EU countries, and has far, far fewer rapes than the majority of the rest of the world. Meaning that if we live in a rape culture, so does pretty much the entire Earth. Also, while rape rates have been on a steady decline in the US, it's rising in European countries.
So okay, that's all statistical stuff on things that are measurable. The main question is: is US culture a rape culture according to the previous definition? Does the United States society enable rape by ignoring it, denying the prevalence of it, excusing it, or summarily blaming the victims? Again, it depends on how you measure cultural influence. Based solely on the media, including entertainment media, I think it's rather obvious that rape is certainly not an ignored issue. Rape is frequently discussed in all corners of the media, from social media to print media. There are movies about rape and an abundance of sources for it. I have never once heard a media personality, major or minor, doing something like victim blaming and not being punished for it. Women are frequently and enthusiastically encouraged to report sex crimes of all kinds in school, with "Rape 101" often being part of college orientation. An expose on rape in the military won a Best Documentary Oscar and that same documentary caused enough concern to move Congress and the Pentagon to act on the issue. Even being accused of rape is enough to destroy someone's public image and livelihood, regardless of whether the accusations are true.
I believe in a rape culture, many of these things would not be true. The alarm has sounded, and people from all walks of life are doing more encouraging things to educate others about rape and how to reduce it, and more well-funded organizations are there to offer support to those that are, and as a result, the rape rates are falling. So I can conclude that if we did live in a rape culture at one time, we no longer do, as an "overarching society". To me, saying there is a rape culture is like sounding an alarm, and if the problem has been recognized, is being addressed in a variety of ways, and is being improved, there is no need to keep sounding the alarm constantly until things become ideal. After a while, people will just start ignoring the alarm.
In short, I still believe rape is a serious problem in society and that those wishing to make the problem better still have a lot of work to do to change attitudes and systems. However, I do not believe we live in a rape culture that ignores, denies, or excuses the major problem. I think it, if it can be talked about like a collective living entity, takes rape seriously and makes no attempt to cover it up as a social sickness. However, there are still important discussions to be had, education to be had, and human nature to deal with and overcome. If "society" is a person, she would feel quite conflicted about the issue.
Now, I do believe there are subcultures which could be considered rape cultures. Due to command structures in places like college and the military, the subcultures can sometimes enable systems that discourage normal independent due process, which can in turn enable rape. These institutions do need to be addressed in a severe way, but luckily once again the alarm is being rung and changes are starting to happen. But it's still a long way to go. Prisons, as I mentioned, are probably the worst case of rape culture, a culture that is built around sex as a form of social status. Otherwise heterosexual individuals often times just submit to the system, giving technical consent because they feel they have to do it. It's rape culture at its worst.
I have heard rape culture described by some to be something that is more or less impossible to really get rid of, as it will exist so long as rape exists, so saying it exists is like saying we need oxygen to breathe. This is an acceptable idea to me, as a theory. However if one's goal is to eliminate rape culture, then one must have... goals. A societal state that they wish to reach. You cannot score a goal without being told where the net is. So in this long-ass essay that turned out much longer than I ever intended but don't know how to cut down without ruining my point, my one question to you if you wish to quote/answer nothing else: If you believe in the latter theory, that rape culture can be ended, what would the society without rape culture look like? What is the ideal, and do you think it is reasonably attainable?
One last thing:
Have you ever considered that perhaps because it's fairly easy to stay anonymous on the internet, people are more willing to share how they truly feel about things as opposed to meat space due to our general rules of decorum? I think that it's glaring on the internet, but equally apparent offline, just less bombastic.
"General rules of decorum" are essentially what we're talking about here, though. In my belief, if someone isn't willing to express a certain opinion in mixed company, then it is hard to take that opinion seriously. I ask myself, would a victim blamer or rape apologist be able to be elected to any national office? Todd Akin had very troublesome views on rape, and he lost by a landslide in a very conservative state, and even conservative media tried to defend him. The media couldn't stop talking about him. Also something that seems strange in a society that trivializes, denies, and excuses rape.