Extra Credits Addendum: Discussing the Role of the Player
- Thread starter Extracredits
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Great initiative.
First off, I don't think the disagreement is very huge. It seem there is agreement on all key point.
Does the player create a narrative? Soundly yes from both of you.
Is the act of creating a narrative artistic? Soundly yes from both of you.
Does the act of creating a narrative in a pre-created environment specifically created by another artist for such an act, constitute the same artistic merit as the artist creating the environment? Soundly no from one of you.
I am currently studying the practice of creating interactive music. A practice which its key-point very similar to that of a lead game designer, or dungeon master (a field which have enjoyed 10 years experience in). I would like to quote from Musical Gestures: Sound, Movement, And Meaning (Godøy & Leman. 2010. pp 13):
"When dancers are connected to a computer system that produces music based on features of the dance movements, then the dancers also can be considered musicians because they generate the sounds"
As a designer of interactive music, a game or a session of table top role-playing. You have to design your piece for interactivity. You are allowing people to take part of you creation, this will give them part, however small, in the creation process and they can therefore also be considered creators of the piece.
A game designer has more in commend with creators of new musical instrument, then Hollywood scriptwriters.
First off, I don't think the disagreement is very huge. It seem there is agreement on all key point.
Does the player create a narrative? Soundly yes from both of you.
Is the act of creating a narrative artistic? Soundly yes from both of you.
Does the act of creating a narrative in a pre-created environment specifically created by another artist for such an act, constitute the same artistic merit as the artist creating the environment? Soundly no from one of you.
I am currently studying the practice of creating interactive music. A practice which its key-point very similar to that of a lead game designer, or dungeon master (a field which have enjoyed 10 years experience in). I would like to quote from Musical Gestures: Sound, Movement, And Meaning (Godøy & Leman. 2010. pp 13):
"When dancers are connected to a computer system that produces music based on features of the dance movements, then the dancers also can be considered musicians because they generate the sounds"
As a designer of interactive music, a game or a session of table top role-playing. You have to design your piece for interactivity. You are allowing people to take part of you creation, this will give them part, however small, in the creation process and they can therefore also be considered creators of the piece.
A game designer has more in commend with creators of new musical instrument, then Hollywood scriptwriters.
Great discussion. I think another interesting topic is how the gamer perceives themself as an artist or participant in the creation of the narrative. If you were to ask players to summarize the story in a game they've completed, they would most likely just cover the major plot points that were established by the designers and there wouldn't be a whole lot of difference from one summary to the next. This would imply that the narrative is primarily created by the designer and not the player, and it's because of this that I'm more inclined to agree with Thomas. However, future games may end up changing my opinion. Skyrim with its Radiant Story, for example, may result in players having more personalized narratives that they have a larger role in creating. Still though, that would be something the designers implemented, so... I don't know. I'm just confusing myself now.
It seems to me some players, especially of the RPG variety, love to talk about their playthroughs, their protagonists, their view of the story. I see this as filling in the blanks, if games have blanks it leaves opportunity for players to be creative. Sometimes if there are only a few blanks players get even more creative, like a rush of creativity trying to fill in the few spots available.
This trend isn't much different than what can happen among fans of litterature or movies. Especially the Fantasy and Sci-Fi genres have a lot of potential for this.
But I agree with Thomas Grip that this process is very different from a true artistic process. Gamers are more like people building model airplanes from pre-made kits, or solving crossword puzzles. The real artistic process is that of designing the kits and puzzles, which is often a very tedious task.
There is room for expression and interpretation for the player, but it is very small.
This trend isn't much different than what can happen among fans of litterature or movies. Especially the Fantasy and Sci-Fi genres have a lot of potential for this.
But I agree with Thomas Grip that this process is very different from a true artistic process. Gamers are more like people building model airplanes from pre-made kits, or solving crossword puzzles. The real artistic process is that of designing the kits and puzzles, which is often a very tedious task.
There is room for expression and interpretation for the player, but it is very small.
The main point from the whole discussion I'd like to support and emphasise is that we can't keep calling the players the audience. The player's ability to be a co-creator and actual attempt at being one varies from game to game. E.g., Mario is a game about a plumber defeating an army of weird creatures to save a princess going from A to B to C. The variation is minimal and the story can be retold and experienced in pretty much the same way by anyone. On the other hand, Dwarf Fortress may be a tale of stalwart colonists or a tale of a cruel social experiment.
In the first case you can compare it to a book with some minor plot points missing, in the second - a basic outline of a story, covering only the setting.
The player's agency in determining the plot varies, but across the whole medium, the player isn't purely audient nor a sole creator. In most cases it's a peculiar position that doesn't really follow the rules of either extreme.
In the first case you can compare it to a book with some minor plot points missing, in the second - a basic outline of a story, covering only the setting.
The player's agency in determining the plot varies, but across the whole medium, the player isn't purely audient nor a sole creator. In most cases it's a peculiar position that doesn't really follow the rules of either extreme.
i've had similar debates in some of my uni courses, and i will say that this debate leads nowhere. why? because it's too far up its own ass, basically.
if you really need to, you can read espen aarseth's cybertext, which gives an (albeit pretentious) opening into the subject. ergodics, as he defines it, is the state that is used in basically all virtual games that exist.
if you really need to, you can read espen aarseth's cybertext, which gives an (albeit pretentious) opening into the subject. ergodics, as he defines it, is the state that is used in basically all virtual games that exist.
I think I give this one to Mr. Grip. I do not really believe that the player crafts the story more than he's experiencing the story made by the developer. The player is far from passive, of course, but but the player is not really creating the story in most games with a set plot.
With all this said, calling players the "audience" may be incorrect because the term denotes passive observation. A more appropriate analogy may be to say that the players are actors with some loose instructions about their role in the story rather than artists who create the story in its entirety. The player can make up some things as he/she goes along, but must still act within the constrains of the character he/she is playing so as not to break the story intended by the developer.
With all this said, calling players the "audience" may be incorrect because the term denotes passive observation. A more appropriate analogy may be to say that the players are actors with some loose instructions about their role in the story rather than artists who create the story in its entirety. The player can make up some things as he/she goes along, but must still act within the constrains of the character he/she is playing so as not to break the story intended by the developer.
It seems people who are taking Grip's stance tend to view it as an all or nothing type of deal, as if granting some artistic creativity to the player somehow diminishes the artistic merits and steals credit from the game developers. As if calling the player and artist means that the developers aren't artists? Why can't it be both, without threatening one or the other?
The way I see it, the experience that a player has, is both created by the developers AND by the player. It's a collaberative process. I see something different about playing a video game than looking at a painting/movie, because of the interactive creation of the experience. Playing a video game is a different experience than watching someone play a video game. Even watching two different people play the same game results in two different experiences for the viewer. The WAY in which one player interacts with the game will create a difference experience than another decides to play the game (or even different playthroughs). So if a true "audience" of the game (an observer who is not participating in the game) has different experiences depending on who the player is, doesn't that make the player a co-creater of the experience?
Most of the comparrisons have been to paintings, movies, and books, but I find that because of the interactivity component, videos games have something more in common with music, dance, or theater. I tend to think of the video game player as a player on the theater stage. Is an actor considered not an artist, simply because they did not write the script themselves? In Thomas's line of arguing, it would seem that the only artist involved in a theater production is the playwrite, and director. Actors take a character and a script, and then make a performace that is their own. Does having to follow a script make them less of an artist? Try thinking of playing Halo as doing a performace of Master Chief, and try on that perspective. Your portayal of Master Chief might be of a different artistic style as another performer's Master Chief, even though they are both a pre-scripted story about Master Chief. The player creates their own unique experience.
The difference is that the video game player is BOTH partly the co-artist and the audience. Some have mentioned that it only counts as art if it is communicated to someone else. But I don't know if that is true. Can the artist also be the audience. As James said, they player is telling a story to themself. What comes to mind for me is when I play guitar and sing a song for my own amusement when I'm by myself. Does being the player of the music as well as the intended audience mean that it can't be an artful experience? I would say no, it very well can. And what If I play a song that somebody else wrote? Is music only art when it's played by the composer? Of course not. The musical experience of me playing a song is a co-created event, by the writer of the song and by me learning to play it and physically manifesting the song, and in the process adding part of myself into it. I can change the tempo, make it more staccato, add crescendos, alter the strumming/picking pattern, etc. All things to make it MY performance, even though it is still that same song that someone else wrote (the same pre-written "story" to follow).
I will agree that it would be very silly to say that since I played a certain game that "I made that game, that's my artwork." But I would also think it would be silly to deny that I played an active role in creating and shaping my experience of the game.
The way I see it, the experience that a player has, is both created by the developers AND by the player. It's a collaberative process. I see something different about playing a video game than looking at a painting/movie, because of the interactive creation of the experience. Playing a video game is a different experience than watching someone play a video game. Even watching two different people play the same game results in two different experiences for the viewer. The WAY in which one player interacts with the game will create a difference experience than another decides to play the game (or even different playthroughs). So if a true "audience" of the game (an observer who is not participating in the game) has different experiences depending on who the player is, doesn't that make the player a co-creater of the experience?
Most of the comparrisons have been to paintings, movies, and books, but I find that because of the interactivity component, videos games have something more in common with music, dance, or theater. I tend to think of the video game player as a player on the theater stage. Is an actor considered not an artist, simply because they did not write the script themselves? In Thomas's line of arguing, it would seem that the only artist involved in a theater production is the playwrite, and director. Actors take a character and a script, and then make a performace that is their own. Does having to follow a script make them less of an artist? Try thinking of playing Halo as doing a performace of Master Chief, and try on that perspective. Your portayal of Master Chief might be of a different artistic style as another performer's Master Chief, even though they are both a pre-scripted story about Master Chief. The player creates their own unique experience.
The difference is that the video game player is BOTH partly the co-artist and the audience. Some have mentioned that it only counts as art if it is communicated to someone else. But I don't know if that is true. Can the artist also be the audience. As James said, they player is telling a story to themself. What comes to mind for me is when I play guitar and sing a song for my own amusement when I'm by myself. Does being the player of the music as well as the intended audience mean that it can't be an artful experience? I would say no, it very well can. And what If I play a song that somebody else wrote? Is music only art when it's played by the composer? Of course not. The musical experience of me playing a song is a co-created event, by the writer of the song and by me learning to play it and physically manifesting the song, and in the process adding part of myself into it. I can change the tempo, make it more staccato, add crescendos, alter the strumming/picking pattern, etc. All things to make it MY performance, even though it is still that same song that someone else wrote (the same pre-written "story" to follow).
I will agree that it would be very silly to say that since I played a certain game that "I made that game, that's my artwork." But I would also think it would be silly to deny that I played an active role in creating and shaping my experience of the game.
If I may be so bold as to add my two cents on the matter I see the role of the player as the part of an actor. The script is set and the gameplay serves as the director for this particular telling of the story. A game like Minecraft where the player generates much of the content is analogous to improv while an open-world game is more like a play and the strictly linear games are movies. None would deny that actors are artists but they present stories and may take different approaches to a part most often there are a limited range of interpretations. For instance, there is academic debate as to whether Hamlet is insane or faking (leaving aside the popularity of interpretations) so an actor must decide at the outset which his interpretation of Hamlet will be; in much the same manner, in Mass Effect the player is forced to quickly choose whether they will follow the Paragon or the Renegade path. In GTA the player may skip missions for flow or interest but the game might not permit it if the plot point is too important much like most stage plays. Final Fantasy 13 is like working for an auteur director who has a vision for the film and demands that the performer hit specific emotional notes at specific times and will give only enough leeway to ensure those notes be hit. This ties into the long-time question of lives in video games: those are rehearsals. As an aside, I also can't help but notice that both acting and video games tend to appeal to less extroverted people. I know that that is a generalization that does our industry no favors but it is interesting that both would attract the same kind of people.
too much analogical reasoning = poor argument for both.
However, i think Extra Credits are wrong on this one - a good game will make you feel like you are creating the story with your actions, but it will be the rules and narrative of the game that are guiding you on that path. A story written without planning is a poor one (player-created) but a story written by talented creators over a long period of time will be a good one.
Amnesia is an example of doing this well. I watched a video of a guy playing Amnesia and screaming to his friends on skype. It was funny and all, but as I watched I realized that, not only did I react in a very similar way IRL, but my actions in game were almost identical. I felt like I was exploring and hiding in the places I chose, but here was another player making identical choices (including the one to give up hiding and make a break for it).
It seems obvious; I wasn't trying to beat the game, the game didn't want to kill me - it wanted to make me do exactly what it needed to happen.
However, i think Extra Credits are wrong on this one - a good game will make you feel like you are creating the story with your actions, but it will be the rules and narrative of the game that are guiding you on that path. A story written without planning is a poor one (player-created) but a story written by talented creators over a long period of time will be a good one.
Amnesia is an example of doing this well. I watched a video of a guy playing Amnesia and screaming to his friends on skype. It was funny and all, but as I watched I realized that, not only did I react in a very similar way IRL, but my actions in game were almost identical. I felt like I was exploring and hiding in the places I chose, but here was another player making identical choices (including the one to give up hiding and make a break for it).
It seems obvious; I wasn't trying to beat the game, the game didn't want to kill me - it wanted to make me do exactly what it needed to happen.
I have to go with TG here. A game with a good, memorable story will, IMO, be one told to the player. Yes, the player can customize some things about it (EG rather than have a long, drawn out battle with Sephiroth, the player simply uses Knights-of-the-round with Mime and just obliterates him), but at the end of the day, a memorable story is one which has the player remembering the heretofore already-written plot points by the game's designers.
For example, take the original Starcraft and Brood War. How you complete each individual mission is more or less up to you--but the events that happen as a result of those missions is the plot of the two games, which blizzard--not the player--wrote.
For example, take the original Starcraft and Brood War. How you complete each individual mission is more or less up to you--but the events that happen as a result of those missions is the plot of the two games, which blizzard--not the player--wrote.
I differ from the position of both of the conversants here.
Because I don't think it's a matter of fundamental differences. I think it's a matter of degree.
There's a major difference between the Role of the Player in Final Fantasy XIII and the RotP in Minecraft. One is an interactive movie, the other is a creativity toy draped in the trappings of a video game. Neither of these games are BAD (yes, I liked FFXIII, so sue me), and neither one is less qualified to be classified as a "game" than the other, but I don't see how the player can be said to "shape the narrative" of a game that consists mainly of predetermined cutscenes. Whereas with Minecraft, not only do you shape the narrative, you pretty much CREATE the narrative.
So, while both sides of this conversation have made some insightful points, I think they're both missing the real point. They are debating over where the line is drawn, but I don't think there IS a hard line. Life is a matter of degree, as is narrative.
In addition, I take issue with the "indubitability" of the claim that football has a narrative. Sports have narratives in the same way that accounting has a narrative. "Joseph Sports scored more scores than the other men, and won that thing!"[footnote](cookies to whoever gets this reference)[/footnote] has about the same narrative chops as, "Joe Accountant added this number to that number and got a third number, and after seven hours of doing this he got bored and fell asleep." Now, this is still technically a narrative, but when extrapolated in the other direction, it means that watching a movie and reading a book allows the reader to take part in the narrative. This can be through interpretation and analysis, play-along participation (I'm thinking of the famous "rituals" of The Rocky Horror Picture Show), or just having experiences like bonding over movies and stuff. Activity books also qualify.
But, in any case, it's nice to have a forum thread filled with insightful wall-o-text comments again. I've been here since the early days of ZP, and I was worried those days were gone forever.
Because I don't think it's a matter of fundamental differences. I think it's a matter of degree.
There's a major difference between the Role of the Player in Final Fantasy XIII and the RotP in Minecraft. One is an interactive movie, the other is a creativity toy draped in the trappings of a video game. Neither of these games are BAD (yes, I liked FFXIII, so sue me), and neither one is less qualified to be classified as a "game" than the other, but I don't see how the player can be said to "shape the narrative" of a game that consists mainly of predetermined cutscenes. Whereas with Minecraft, not only do you shape the narrative, you pretty much CREATE the narrative.
So, while both sides of this conversation have made some insightful points, I think they're both missing the real point. They are debating over where the line is drawn, but I don't think there IS a hard line. Life is a matter of degree, as is narrative.
In addition, I take issue with the "indubitability" of the claim that football has a narrative. Sports have narratives in the same way that accounting has a narrative. "Joseph Sports scored more scores than the other men, and won that thing!"[footnote](cookies to whoever gets this reference)[/footnote] has about the same narrative chops as, "Joe Accountant added this number to that number and got a third number, and after seven hours of doing this he got bored and fell asleep." Now, this is still technically a narrative, but when extrapolated in the other direction, it means that watching a movie and reading a book allows the reader to take part in the narrative. This can be through interpretation and analysis, play-along participation (I'm thinking of the famous "rituals" of The Rocky Horror Picture Show), or just having experiences like bonding over movies and stuff. Activity books also qualify.
But, in any case, it's nice to have a forum thread filled with insightful wall-o-text comments again. I've been here since the early days of ZP, and I was worried those days were gone forever.
So then according to Portnow's argument, can Joe Montana or Michael Jordan be considered amazing artists? What about the announcers describing the game? That's one of the problems I have with that line of reasoning.mikespoff said:
Also, the rules of physics are dictated by nature, not by a human, so they can't be taken into account. Additionally the other rules of football are malleable, and can only be enforced to the degree that all the players agree on them. The rules of a video game are 1) created entirely through human effort 2) unchangeable unless a) specially designated by the developer b) hacked by a third party (which is akin to drawing over a copy of an artist's painting).
Personally, I have more of an issue with people using Portnow's stance to claim that video games are "special" because of the co-authorship idea. The same phenomenon is present in other mediums as well. You already noted how games are similar to theater and dance, but even in literature and film you have audiences interpreting the same events very differently and essentially making the artwork into something it might not have originally been intended for.matrix guardian said:
I also think that few people realize how much the developer actually controls the player's actions, even in a relatively "open" game like Mass Effect. For example, choosing either the paragon or renegade path does not make you an artist because both paths and their outcomes were already carefully created by the developers.
Emergent play could perhaps be considered artistic, provided that it's actually emergent and not just something that already laid out for you by the developer.
I would agree that you can be your own audience, but I think that in order to be considered an artist there has to be some conscious effort to make art. Otherwise it is just play, which I don't think can be considered art by most definitions. Now don't get me wrong. I'm not saying art can't be fun to make. It can, but at the same time attention must be paid to the fact that sometimes the most artistic choices aren't always the most fun.matrix guardian said:
To put it another way, someone leisurely playing Halo or Mass Effect probably isn't creating art, just the same as someone casually reading Hamlet or practicing Beethoven on their piano isn't an artist either. The true artistry comes when someone is already well familiar with the original work, and the make a conscious effort to make it into something of their own. A Marxist reading of Hamlet, for example, or a performance of Beethoven where the differences from other performances are more a result of skill than lack thereof.
I would agree with you as long as the "performance" is a conscious effort. For example, a great actor choosing to play Hamlet as either faking or crazy is certainly an artist, but one who comes off as either despite not giving the issue any thought is not.Skunktrain said:
Similarly, something you create in Minecraft might be artistic, but you are only an artist if you consciously set out to create art in the first place.
I agree with you, and would like to know what that quote is a reference to. =)Sylocat said:
Wonderful discussion. I actually enjoy the idea of a storyteller not knowing the story that will be told, but having some measure of control over the end result. Really it's the core idea behind every procedurally generated game. If we take Dwarf Fortress as an (extreme) example, everything from topography to civilizations, including fairly detailed histories of every NPC in the entire world are randomly generated. Every time you start a new game, your get a new experience, but one that is created within the confines of the creators design. You then interact with the world at you leisure. If you choose to express yourself in an artistic way, that is your choice, but the game's job is to provide you with an environment from which a story can emerge naturally. All games do this some degree, most are just more heavily scripted than DF.
If the player was the artist, he would control when the encounters occur, how the puzzles are solved and how/when the plot occurs. Sure the player has some control of any/all of these to a degree, but that's what makes them players. I would also argue that creating a narrative for the audience of a football game is nothing at all like creating a narrative for a player. The audience of a football game doesn't participate. That's why they're the audience. A player playing a football video game isn't emulating the audience in the stadium, they're emulating the football players. The storyteller's (game developer) job is to create a system in which these potential narratives takes place. He may not have control over the fine details of the plot, but does have vast control over the generalities.
If I create a character in Oblivion, I am not as much creating my own unique narrative (like an artist), so much as am experiencing a general narrative created by the artist with variations also put in place by artist. Whether I choose to be an assassin or wizard may be up to me, but the option was first considered by the original artist.
Additionally, if I put any extra thought into said character, such as a background, personality and quirks, there is no way for me to interpret these "artistic" endeavors other than by imposing voluntary restriction on myself, and really that's not artistic. It's creative, sure. Clever, maybe. But not artistic. Taking that game experience and writing a story about it on the other hands would be artistic, but then you're not playing the game anymore.
The ability to create a story without knowing its final outcome is unique to the interactive nature of games. I think a big problem is viewing the player as an audience at all. The player isn't an audience, they're a player and that further exploration of that word needs to be done.
Awesome article, love the conversation this is sparking.
If the player was the artist, he would control when the encounters occur, how the puzzles are solved and how/when the plot occurs. Sure the player has some control of any/all of these to a degree, but that's what makes them players. I would also argue that creating a narrative for the audience of a football game is nothing at all like creating a narrative for a player. The audience of a football game doesn't participate. That's why they're the audience. A player playing a football video game isn't emulating the audience in the stadium, they're emulating the football players. The storyteller's (game developer) job is to create a system in which these potential narratives takes place. He may not have control over the fine details of the plot, but does have vast control over the generalities.
If I create a character in Oblivion, I am not as much creating my own unique narrative (like an artist), so much as am experiencing a general narrative created by the artist with variations also put in place by artist. Whether I choose to be an assassin or wizard may be up to me, but the option was first considered by the original artist.
Additionally, if I put any extra thought into said character, such as a background, personality and quirks, there is no way for me to interpret these "artistic" endeavors other than by imposing voluntary restriction on myself, and really that's not artistic. It's creative, sure. Clever, maybe. But not artistic. Taking that game experience and writing a story about it on the other hands would be artistic, but then you're not playing the game anymore.
The ability to create a story without knowing its final outcome is unique to the interactive nature of games. I think a big problem is viewing the player as an audience at all. The player isn't an audience, they're a player and that further exploration of that word needs to be done.
Awesome article, love the conversation this is sparking.
Michael Jordan is not necessarily an artist, but he is playing an integral part in creating the basketball game in which he is playing. Whether that constitutes artistry depends on whether you view basketball as art (which I don't). The point wrt to the "Role of Player" discussion is that the game of basketball is co-created by the rule makers and the participants.IvoryTowerGamer said:
In a game, there are varying degrees of restriction on player freedom (along what one could call the Minecraft-to-FinalFantasy spectrum), but to whatever extent the player has freedom to control the activity within a game, they are a co-creator of the specific instance of the game that is being played.
Half-Life is a very linear game, but it is still not a passive medium. Whatever artistry exists in Half-Life comes into existence when the game is played, and the exact details of the game will be different for every player (even within the linear storyline). Thus the player is integral to the artistic value of Half-Life.
The analogy of player to stage actor has strong parallels to a linear game: the lines are written, the stage directions are already given, the set has been constructed, but the actor brings it to life.Skunktrain said:
It's a bit of a stretch here, but I think we do have a similarity to video games in the medium of literature.
Specifically, in choose your own adventure novels.
Now, I'll admit right off the bat that I've not actually read one of these, the closest I've come to are certain webcomics and forum games, but the principle is the same in those as well.
Many video games, if not all at least in the actual gameplay, tell a story from the 2nd person perspective. This is rare to ever happen in writing, Personally I've participated in a forum game or two like this and read a short story by Ray Bradbury in the 2nd person. In these cases I didn't really feel like the "you" was referring to me.
However, I habitually do feel this way with games. Interactivity at a high level, makes this possible. It doesn't even matter if my choices have any effect on the game's main storyline.
So, to game designers: You can think of players as story tellers, artists, whatever, as their actions will affect the story they are experiencing, but even if you choose not to consider players as storytellers at the very least consider that the story is being told in the 2nd person through gameplay.
Specifically, in choose your own adventure novels.
Now, I'll admit right off the bat that I've not actually read one of these, the closest I've come to are certain webcomics and forum games, but the principle is the same in those as well.
Many video games, if not all at least in the actual gameplay, tell a story from the 2nd person perspective. This is rare to ever happen in writing, Personally I've participated in a forum game or two like this and read a short story by Ray Bradbury in the 2nd person. In these cases I didn't really feel like the "you" was referring to me.
However, I habitually do feel this way with games. Interactivity at a high level, makes this possible. It doesn't even matter if my choices have any effect on the game's main storyline.
So, to game designers: You can think of players as story tellers, artists, whatever, as their actions will affect the story they are experiencing, but even if you choose not to consider players as storytellers at the very least consider that the story is being told in the 2nd person through gameplay.