It's been answered well here. Black panther is a superhuman. He has powers from special herbs and medicines he took to become the Black Panther and/or powers from his Panther god (the MCU likely swings to the former reason, basically he's a wakandan super-soldier). He also has a super suit based on Wakandan vibranium tech. So it absorbs kinetic energy and has claws sharp enough to scratch Cap's shield.
What they didn't really convey in the film, which I guess is okay (because they can save it for later or decide he is too overpowered), is that he is also one of the 10 smartest people on Earth.
What they didn't really convey in the film, which I guess is okay (because they can save it for later or decide he is too overpowered), is that he is also one of the 10 smartest people on Earth.