Fieldy409 said:
I caught this just checking the forums before bed, so I'll give you the ELI5/TLDR. To the best of my memory, I'm not doing heavy research for this right now, so not everything may be perfectly accurate.
First, you have the synoptic gospels -- Mark, Matthew, and Luke -- then you have John. John is distinct in content and style, and bears more semblance to the other Johannine epistles than the other gospels, so it's considered separate. Meanwhile, the three synoptic gospels are all very similar in style, content, wording, and sequence, which strongly indicate they synopsize (hence synoptic) other gospels. Mark was the first gospel, having been written around 60-70; Matthew and Luke came after, in the 70-90 period if I remember right; John was the last, around 80-100.
There's a misconception they're called the synoptic gospels because they synopsize Jesus' life, but that's not actually the case even if it's an accurate assessment of the three. They're called synoptic because of the relationship between the three.
So, that brings up the synoptic problem. Passages from Mark are found in both Matthew and Luke, meaning Mark was a source for the two, but there are passages in both Matthew and Luke that
aren't in Mark, meaning there had to be
another common source that was lost or destroyed. What we can infer based upon the information at hand, is that it was a sayings gospel (a record of Jesus' sayings and sermons) contemporary to Mark that, by the time of the first Nicene Council was lost due to no mention of a potential candidate as apocrypha or heretical. The inferred source, for lack of a proper name, is called Q -- short for the German word quelle.
We can actually check the veracity of this inference. There
was a sayings gospel, specifically mentioned by name during the first Nicene Council as heretical, that was lost. That was the Gospel of Thomas, and for 1,600 years nobody knew what the fuck that was about except that it was a gnostic gospel...until a copy was discovered in the Nag Hammadi library in 1945. Except, Thomas wasn't Q; different sayings, different authorship, different time. The recovery of Thomas proves that an entire gospel could just up and disappear from the historical record for no other reason than the Church wanted it suppressed as heresy.
But here's the 64-trillion-dollar question: what if Q
was a gnostic gospel? What can be inferred from Matthew and Luke, and comparison between the two and other gnostic gospels, strongly implies yes. Literally all of Christianity as we know it would be a lie;
gnosticism would have been the "original" Christianity.
Now, as far as "Jesus". Yes, Yeshua ben Yosef was a real person, there's no longer dispute about that. The archaeological evidence is overwhelming, and the authentication of the James Ossuary engraving was the final nail in that coffin. He existed, done and done. However, nothing is known for certain other than he lived in Judea, he was baptized, and he was executed by crucifixion. That's where the mythology takes over.