In regards to Star Trek transporter killing you: if you actually watch the shows/movies, they clearly don't. There's numerous examples of people carrying on an activity while being transported. Not merely starting on one end and picking up where they left off on the other: actually moving and/or talking continuously throughout the process of being dematerialized and rematerialized.
This means there is constant interaction between matter one end of the beam and matter on the other end exactly as if they were part of the same whole the the entire time. The atoms/molecules that haven't dematerialized yet are interacting with the atoms/molecules that have been materialized on the other end and vice versa, even though their local counterparts are either already gone or yet to exist. The transporter isn't just transmitting a snapshot of particle positions: there's constant real-time updating going both ways throughout the entire process.
So unless one assumes a metaphysical component, your continuity of consciousness gets poured from one body to the other rather than stopped in one and restarted in the other. Your body and mind are destroyed and copied, but your consciousness goes from existing in one place, to existing in two places (while still being singular), then back to existing in one place, all along a smooth gradient.
When you stop to think about it, this is pretty much how it would need to work for any such process that wasn't instantaneous (like, quantum-level instantaneous, not just measurably/observably instantaneous), even with a real world technology. Without a quantum instantaneous process, you're going to have all kinds of problems with matter at the sending end going out of sync with matter on the receiving end. The process would need a way of continuously and seamlessly updating both ends with data from the other throughout the entire transition. Even a tiny amount of deviation on either end could be catastrophic when transporting a living organism. Depending on the length of the process, you'd end up with a lobotomized vegetable who'd die of cancer the next day (or instantaneously due to circulatory "hiccup")or something like what happened to the test baboon in The Fly, or just an expanding mist of organic molecules.
This means there is constant interaction between matter one end of the beam and matter on the other end exactly as if they were part of the same whole the the entire time. The atoms/molecules that haven't dematerialized yet are interacting with the atoms/molecules that have been materialized on the other end and vice versa, even though their local counterparts are either already gone or yet to exist. The transporter isn't just transmitting a snapshot of particle positions: there's constant real-time updating going both ways throughout the entire process.
So unless one assumes a metaphysical component, your continuity of consciousness gets poured from one body to the other rather than stopped in one and restarted in the other. Your body and mind are destroyed and copied, but your consciousness goes from existing in one place, to existing in two places (while still being singular), then back to existing in one place, all along a smooth gradient.
When you stop to think about it, this is pretty much how it would need to work for any such process that wasn't instantaneous (like, quantum-level instantaneous, not just measurably/observably instantaneous), even with a real world technology. Without a quantum instantaneous process, you're going to have all kinds of problems with matter at the sending end going out of sync with matter on the receiving end. The process would need a way of continuously and seamlessly updating both ends with data from the other throughout the entire transition. Even a tiny amount of deviation on either end could be catastrophic when transporting a living organism. Depending on the length of the process, you'd end up with a lobotomized vegetable who'd die of cancer the next day (or instantaneously due to circulatory "hiccup")or something like what happened to the test baboon in The Fly, or just an expanding mist of organic molecules.