To be fair, most Communist leaders and bureaucrats lived pretty austerely. I think many did genuinely believe in the ethos, rather than grub around for personal gain.
I'd agree with you that the revolution manifesto looks horrific by today's terms. However, Marxism was born in a revolutionary era, a long period of demands for reform, rights, political instability and often civil wars that ran between the late 18th century and the second world war. These were major preoccupations for public leaders and intellectuals, and would heavily have influenced their thinking. In terms of Marx considering killing the bourgeoisie, this is also the period where the working classes regularly were or felt they were repressed by the state (e.g. Haymarket Massacre, Peterloo Massacre) anyway. In those terms, Marx's view of how Communism would come about was very much a product of its time. It should be fair to say that in the last 100+ years, I expect modern Communists would have refined ways to implement Communism without revolution and mass murder.
I'd agree with you that the revolution manifesto looks horrific by today's terms. However, Marxism was born in a revolutionary era, a long period of demands for reform, rights, political instability and often civil wars that ran between the late 18th century and the second world war. These were major preoccupations for public leaders and intellectuals, and would heavily have influenced their thinking. In terms of Marx considering killing the bourgeoisie, this is also the period where the working classes regularly were or felt they were repressed by the state (e.g. Haymarket Massacre, Peterloo Massacre) anyway. In those terms, Marx's view of how Communism would come about was very much a product of its time. It should be fair to say that in the last 100+ years, I expect modern Communists would have refined ways to implement Communism without revolution and mass murder.