Meh, 5+ years old and I would still go from my own learning on the matter and the course I am currently on. I find it hard to believe (Yes, I am just adding in the fact that I am incredulous as a result of my own studies) that there is any noticable difference and that young boys are more naturally inclined towards mechanical objects. Then again, I find the entire field of Evolutionary Psychology to be infuriating, there are plenty of scurrilous claims made by that particular field.oreso said:Sorry for my laziness. I found a link in my previous post, just a few posts above yours. But here's some more details that I've just found:Mr F. said:Bullshit. No, seriously, bullshit.
Find the study. Seriously, Find it. Don't say "Someone else will have to find the link for me because I am lazy", find it.
Simon Baron-Cohen and his associates at the University of Cambridge took a different but equally creative approach to addressing the influence of nature versus nurture regarding sex differences. Many researchers have described disparities in how "people-centered" male and female infants are. For example, Baron-Cohen and his student Svetlana Lutchmaya found that one-year-old girls spend more time looking at their mothers than boys of the same age do. And when these babies are presented with a choice of films to watch, the girls look longer at a film of a face, whereas boys lean toward a film featuring cars.
Of course, these preferences might be attributable to differences in the way adults handle or play with boys and girls. To eliminate this possibility, Baron-Cohen and his students went a step further. They took their video camera to a maternity ward to examine the preferences of babies that were only one day old. The infants saw either the friendly face of a live female student or a mobile that matched the color, size and shape of the student's face and included a scrambled mix of her facial features. To avoid any bias, the experimenters were unaware of each baby's sex during testing. When they watched the tapes, they found that the girls spent more time looking at the student, whereas the boys spent more time looking at the mechanical object. This difference in social interest was evident on day one of life--implying again that we come out of the womb with some cognitive sex differences built in.
Not got the time to watch a documentary right now, I am preparing to go out for an evening. Also, apologies for my somewhat late response, term has ended and I have spent much time rather drunk (I am amazed that my original post was so coherent) or preparing to get rather drunk. Still, I am firmly in the camp of believing totally and utterly in constructed gender, outside of the study you posted (And the claims that from day one males are more interested in mechanical objects than humanoid faces. Or mechanical looking human faces. Bleh, it goes against what I was taught when I did behavioural psychology or developmental psychology.). If I get the time I will certainly watch said documentary, and go through the study you posted with a fine tooth comb, although it is no longer my field (I shifted from Psychology to Sociology.)And I understand more can be found in The Oxford Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, OUP 2007, Chapter 16
I'm making no claim to be an expert (my wife has the training in psychology, not I). I'm only presenting it as a possibility.
Forgive me, but that sounds like an unfounded axiom. No matter how much action is taken (short of direct coercion and quotas), there might not ever be any significant change in the numbers, if indeed there are biological trends at work here. But even then, you would insist more and yet more would need to be done?Just means more needs to be done, also bullshit. Numbers plox.
I used to believe in a solely constructed gender too, at least with regards to behaviour like occupational choices, but my wife's work and this documentary convinced me:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5LRdW8xw70
Well, on that we are agreed. However, I would state that thanks to what I believe (Gonna put that right there, I am not claiming this to be fact, more claiming that I am more inclined to believe Butler, Vygotsky and others on this particular matter), we will not achieve equality until the numbers are equal. Within our lifetimes we will see the effects of the Swedish social experiment in raising children in a gender neutral environment, I personally believe that this will cause far more equality.No problem at all ^_^ Hopefully I've shed a little more light on what I was referring to.Sorry for jumping in on your discussion. I just saw your above pseudoscience quote and needed to step in. Well, wanted to. Its been a lazy day of being in bed so I though I would do something partially productive. Sorry, it is simply wrong to state that kids "As young as one day old" already choose gendered toy's.
Please understand, that I am completely for equal opportunities for everyone, and I do not think we are there yet. But that is not say that when we do have equal opportunities that we will necessarily have equal numbers of men and women doing the same thing. And that this is not a problem, as long as everyone had the opportunity and chose freely.
In sum, most of what I say comes from studying Developmental and Behavioural Psychology a while back. However, some of it comes from one of my ex's, god rest her soul, who hated being one of a tiny minority doing Engineering at Oxford. She was not less skilled, I do not believe she was abnormal for her love of engineering and building robots, but she was seen aa freak as a result of her gender. I also have quite a lot of anecdotal evidence from my gender neutral sibling (Referred to as either James or Hannah interchangably, I wish the English had more gender neutral terms, I hate saying "Sibling" or "They") and their struggles with being treated as an equal.
Unless you believe like Judith Butler that Sex is purely biological and gender is purely societal, yes it is based upon physical appearance and characteristics but much like race, the physical appearance causes these characteristics to be attributed. Sorry for saying it, but go read some Butler and you might end up understanding this view slightly better.broca said:Sorry, but i have to disagree. Yes, gender is societal by definition, but as almost always when discussing nurture and nature (or society and biology) you can't talk about one without the other, as human behavior is (most times) a complex interaction of both. I think most people would agree that society is based on biology and in turn interacts with it. As there are clear biological differences between males and females even at a young age it is possible that there are differences in e.g. attention for certain visual stimuli (e.g. toys) which in turn lead to different behavior which in turn lead to differences in a society. Not that i would claim that it is like this, i'm just saying you can't just disconnect gender and sex.Mr F. said:Gender is societal. Sex is biological. Gender is learned. Gender is a combination of Repetition, Citation and Representation (Butler). Like any form of identity, it is built up over time. To badly paraphrase, "Identity is revealed to us as something to be invented rather than discovered" (Bauman). The difference between the biological sexes will have no effect on the toys that a child will choose at a very young age, an experiment to try and prove this would be inherently unethical (EDIT: Sorry, I did not explain that. I could, if I wanted to, it would just take ages and I need a coffee first. Might need to bounce things off me mate doing PPE or just find the notes I made a year or two ago).
This one would take a lot of time. However, the only way to test this hypothesis properly would be to deny care or choice to a child to some degree. I really dont have the time to make this statement properly and I am sorry for putting it in, ethics is a hard subject to grasp. From reading the bit of the study that was posted, I have to a degree changed my mind, I still believe it is an incredibly difficult subject of study from an ethical point of view. Most studies on children are incredibly difficult from an ethical point of view, it is one of the reasons why they are so hard to do. In the past nobody batted an eyelid to a child being given a phobia of white fluffy things, these days that sort of study would be blocked immediately.I also don't understand why experiments to test this hypothesis would be unethical - or do you mean like "raising some newborn in a (theoretical) gender-free environment to exclude gender as confounding variable"? That would of course be deeply unethical.
In short, its incredibly hard to study children from a psychological point of view without ethical implications. I would question the study on multiple levels, from the Hawthorne Effect (The act of being studied causes people to react in certain ways, not necessarily an ethical question but an important one.) onward.
Well, object permanence among other things. Children naturally prefer to look at shapes with humanoid features, I question the whole mechanical bias due to the fact that with no understanding of what mechanical is I find it hard to accept the study. See, its a very interesting question and I intend to read up on it some more before making hard claims. To put it briefly, as above, I am inclined to disbelieve the results of the study thanks to my own studies.You seem to have it backwards here: No one is claiming that newborn choose certain stimuli because they "identify" them as typical male or female. The argument is that for biological reasons male and female even at young ages find differentMr F. said:You say from as early as "Day One", strange that at a time in which children have no concept of permanence (Several years of Psych, because I could), that they have the ability to recognise what is and is not a male or female choice!
stimuli interesting which are therefore become defined in society as male or female (again, i don't really believe in this theory).
Psychology is a rather young science and it moves incredibly quickly. Things that are seen to be certain fall out of certainty with amazing speed. That is the point I was trying to make. Psychology has yet to have true points of reference, theories which are accepted as fact. Just look over the DSM and how much it changes from year to year, what is included, excluded, included again and excluded again. Look at how things are treated (Although that is more psychiatry.) What I mean to say is within this particular field referencing studies that are over 20 years old is very difficult for they will be rife with ethical implications and experimenter bias. Look over the Stanford Prison Experiment, there is not a chance in hell that could be carried out in the modern day, look over the Milgram experiment and you get more of the same. Very few believe in the teachings of Freud, infact claiming what he stated to be fact would get you laughed out of most lectures.I don't really understand what you're trying to say here. Do you mean that psychology as a science will lose it importance in the next 20 years? Or that psychology is behind 20 years (in what? in relation to whom?)? Or something else entirely?Mr F. said:And remember, that Psychology (Which is what you are referring to there) is out of date within 20 years, if you are being generous.
That is what I was trying to indicate. Unlike other sciences, it is very difficult to reference older theories and experiments because the field moves so very fast. Go back 200 years in Physics and you will find some theories which still hold water, go back 150 years in Psychology (Roughly, its been a while) and you end up with the Introspective Perspective which gave us absolutely nothing of note, bar the realisation that in order to study Psychology you need to use empirical evidence.
I hope that explains things, sorry for this post being so long (And yet so brief) I have to continue suiting up.
EDIT: Needed to say this.
I saw this before and I think I need to respond.Desert Punk said:To rape victims (And white knights/bleeping heart) your (Editorial you) PTSD will never be as special to them as theirs.Smeatza said:I can't speak for all circumstances but I've yet to meet a parent who's lost a child to violent crime who doesn't experience this.BiscuitTrouser said:I cant imagine someone who had a family member murdered will ALWAYS be traumatized by the mention of any sort of death or killing.
Honestly, it is not that "Our" PTSD is more important. People like myself (Survivors) and people who are referred to as white knights (Such a broad term. I guess I will use "Socially Enlightened Men" as a deliberate attack on your statement, but not you.) make up a surprisingly large amount of the population. See, that's the problem here.
Walk down a street and its rather unlikely that you will end up bumping into a victim of torture. I, personally, have met two people who have been victims of a full on beating. Oh, wait, three. Although the third one was also raped after the beating, so I do not know which category they fit into. In my entire life I have never met a victim of torture, I believe my mother met one or two when she was in the British Council, but I have never, personally, met a victim of torture.
I would find it hard to count the amount of victims of rape I have met. Genuinely. Right now, with a new group of friends that I have only known for a year, I know of two others like myself. Expand it to "Old friends and acquaintances" and that number explodes. Despite knowing a lot of serving soldiers, I have three friends who are currently on tour in Afghanistan, I know one soldier who has occasional flashbacks.
Do you see the point I am trying to make here?
Its not that torture is not as bad as rape. Far from it, there are plenty of tortures which I will accept can be worse than rape (Although its prevalent use within torture must be mentioned). I am not saying that a soldier with PTSD does not have it as bad as a rape survivor.
I am saying that right now you probably know a few rape survivors. I am saying that at some point in your life it is almost certain that you will be friends with a rape survivor. So whilst "Our" PTSD (My own issue with a milder dose of PTSD does not come from the incident, comes from something else I regularly fight against, using the universal terms because you did.) is not special, it is simply more frequently triggered because there are far more of them.
Its not about what is more "Special" it is not about "Censorship", it is not about limiting artistic freedom. But if you create something, it is open to criticism. And if you include something that effects so many negatively on a daily basis, you better do it tastefully, you better be prepared for a shitstorm (That has not occurred, for the record) because we, the survivors and the friends of survivors, are a very vocal minority. We are not special. PTSD as a result of rape is not worse then PTSD as a result of anything else. But it is prevalent.
Good day to you, Sers.